ACCT - Principles of Managerial Accounting Essay - 1

ACCT - Principles of Managerial Accounting - Essay Example A process order costing approach is however applicable when activities are homogeneous and involve mass production. As a result, allocation of cost per single activity would be irrational such as in a food company where costing done per process and not per unit product (Mowen, p. 182). Equivalent units of production are necessary in a process costing approach because it facilitate allocation of costs to unit elements of a production process. This is because costs are measured with respect to processes or departments that consist of a number of units. The equivalent units are then used to derive cost per unit of products (Mowen, p. 255). The equivalent units of production for direct labor and overhead can be either equal to, or different from equivalent units for direct materials. This is because of the availability of different approaches to costing. An actual or normal costing approach may lead to difference in the values while a standard costing approach may yield same values for direct labor, overhead and direct materials (Mowen, p.

Economic Concepts of Vicarious Liability

Economic Concepts of Vicarious Liability a) Explain the economic logic behind laws related to the concept of vicarious liability The simple definition of vicarious liability is where an individual or firm can be held responsible for torts committed by another, the most common case for that is of employers and employees. Vicarious liability differs from secondary liability as it doesnt deal with cases of negligence on the employers behalf, it instead relates to the scope of employment not the respondent superior. Normally when torts are committed the liability lies with the person who authorises the tort, however this is not always enough hence the introduction of vicarious liability. If companies know that they can be held vicariously liable and face the full cost for a tort then they will ensure they minimise the chances of committing a tort, this is done by better monitoring of the employees. This seems fine for large companies who have the money to monitor and the money to be able to pay any compensation. However small firms are far more disadvantaged as they dont have the resources to monitor or pay compen sation, this will mean the risk of accidents is not likely to decrease. Employers will more often than not be held vicariously liable for their employees actions. The Salmond test was developed in the 1930s to check if a tortuous act was part of an unauthorised act authorised by the employer or one the was instigate by the employee only. This was really the first definitions of vicarious liability and has been used as a test in many cases since. However over the years it has become more watered down slightly in favour of the employers. By 1969 the government had introduced a law forcing companies to take out insurance to cover cases of vicarious liability. The Employees Liability Act meant that any company in the UK would have to insure against liability of its employees and of its own actions. This would now mean that even if the company didnt take care the insurance would be able to pay the full social cost of the tort. The act also made it compulsory to have  £5 million of insu rance to make sure it will cover the full liability claim for compensation. It should therefore be in the employers interest to take more care of what they task employees to do knowing that ultimate responsibility can lie with the employer. The law up to the late 1990s stipulated that the employer could only be found vicariously liable if it was found they had authorised the employee to do something that was unauthorised. If however the employer was found not to have authorised any such behaviour the employer himself would be found liable. Since 2001 the House of Lords sees that we should focus on the link between what it is an employee is tasked to do and the nature of the tort committed. In most cases it makes good economic sense that employers should be found to be liable as well as the employees. Not just because they have a greater ability to pay compensation but because they should take more care when overlooking what their employees are tasked to do. b) In the case of an employer/employee relationship, is there a case for extending liability beyond the employer? To analyse this properly it is best to look at some recent case studies. One of the largest rail crashes on the British rail system was the Hatfield rail crash in 2000, it left 4 people dead and 102 injured. After the crash a long and painstaking enquiry took place to see how the crash happened and who the blame lied with. The enquiry found that a section of the track was badly damaged which led to the train derailing, the section of track was found to have been neglected for a period of 21months. The court held the maintenance company (Balfour Beatty) liable and fined them  £10 million pounds, a record amount for the time. The court also gave the parent company of Balfour Beatty a hefty fine, Balfour Beatty was managed by Railtrack who were handed a  £3.5 million fine for breaching safety rules. The judge said it was â€Å"one of the worst examples of sustained industrial negligence in a high risk industry† the crash could have been easily averted if a safety checking pla n was in place and properly followed. In this case liability had to be extended beyond the employer Balfour Beatty as Railtrack were at fault for not properly regulating the maintenance work. There was however no charges brought against the employees as they were only following the orders of the employer Balfour Beatty. In this case Balfour Beatty should take most of the blame as they are mainly at fault for not implementing the correct maintenance procedures. However Railtrack should and rightly took some of the blame as they should have been more closely supervising the what company they controlled was doing as it was in their interests. If a company van driver for example injures a pedestrian on a crossing who is liable? The employer can be liable for hiring a incompetent driver, but also the driver can be held liable as he was careless in his driving. So in a case like this it is right to extend liability as the company cannot be held solely liable due the driver not taking due care in his job. However it is usual that the pedestrian would only sue the company that employs the driver, this is mainly because it is harder to sue on a personal liability claim and also the companies have a greater ability to pay compensation. c) Is there a case for criminal liability in the context of vicarious liability? In most cases firms are vicariously liable in cases of civil liability, however they can also been prosecuted as part of criminal vicarious liability. The conventional thinking is that adding criminal liability to strict vicarious liability is a good thing, it should reduce corporate crime and also be efficient in its prevention. However more recent analysis suggest that in some cases adding vicarious liability to corporate criminal liability does not encourage corporations to be more cautious. It is widely said that trying to add criminal liability to vicariously liability is extremely complicated. Taking the case of Ferguson vs Weaving as an example vicarious liability was trying to be applied to a charge of aiding and abetting. Weaving was the licensee of a hotel, she was charged with aiding and abetting for allowing drinkers to consume alcohol after the hours permitted by the law. The licensee said that it wasnt her fault as she had instructed the waiters and waitresses to collec t up glasses before 10pm, the time at which she was licensed to allow consumption of alcohol. The court did not sympathise with her and were only concerned with the fact that she had broken the law. Therefore ultimate responsibility lay with the licensee and she was charged with aiding and abetting unlawful drinking. In many ways criminal liability should be extended to the vicariously liable firm as ultimately it is the firm that is responsible for its employees, obviously if the employee does some that is completely unauthorised buy the firm, it should be the employee that receives any criminal charges. Vicarious criminal liability however is not always useful as explained by Kraakman firms seem to be immune to criminal sanctions. The criminal penalties on firms are just not large enough to deter torts. In the case of Railtrack and Balfour Beatty the fines were argued to be non efficient, the money they were fined does not do the general public any good. Money they could have spent on improving the rail service was lost through the fine, instead it could have been better to force criminal charges on the two companies and forced them to invest in the rail network. References: Liability in Tort, 3400 Vicarious and corporate civil liability, Reinier H. Kraakman Vicarious Liability in Criminal Law, The Modern Law Review, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Jul., 1951), pp. 334-340, J. Ll. J. Edwards The Potentially Perverse Effects of Corporate Criminal Liability, The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Jun., 1994), pp. 833-867, Jennifer Arlen Employers liability (compulsory insurance) act 1969 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article575881.ece http://www.daviddfriedman.com/laws_order/index.shtml http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1524744/Companys-failures-led-to-Hatfield-rail-crash.html http://www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/VicLi19301959.php http://www.lawteacher.net/tort-law/vicarious-liability.php http://www.emplaw.co.uk/content/index?startpage=data/030003.htm http://www.practicallaw.com/0-101-5345 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1998/19982573.htm http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=/uk/cases/UKHL/2001/22.html

The Ethical Considerations of Genetic Screening :: Science Genes Biology Papers

Ever since Watson and Crick deciphered the biological code of life, scientists have been busy unraveling the mysteries of life. A recent development in the area of genetic research has been the Human Genome Project (HGP). The HGP is a massive international effort to map and sequence the entire human genetic code. The primary goal of this research is to link certain diseases with abnormal genes that may be possessed by certain people. This would allow researchers the ability to screen individuals for certain diseases. This has already been a success with a number of conditions. PKU is a condition that causes severe retardation in children if nothing is done to prevent it, but by genetically screening the infants, doctors are able to tell who has the disease (Davis 1990). By simply altering the diet of these children, the mental retardation effects of the disease can be prevented. In addition, diseases such as Huntington’s disease, breast cancer, and muscular dystrophy are prese ntly being screened for in humans (Jaroff, 1996). How researchers are able to screen for genes New developments have given researchers the ability to decipher the genetic code of organisms. Some of the techniques that researchers use are RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis and DNA probes. RFLP analysis utilizes enzymes from bacteria that are thought to be used as defense mechanisms against invading viral DNA. The enzymes fragment foreign DNA at specific locations depending on the base sequence (Griffiths, 1996). In order to analyze an organism’s genome a researcher will add a certain restriction enzyme to DNA. This produces small restriction fragments of DNA that vary in length. Electrophoresis is then used to separate out the various fragments of DNA. This is accomplished by subjecting the fragmented DNA to an electrical charge after it has been placed onto an agarose gel plate. Due to differences in length, the DNA restriction fragments will be separated in the gel plate. Another useful tool for scientists has been the DNA probe. A DNA probe is a piece of DNA that binds to certain sequences of the hosts DNA (Devore, 1998). The probe is able to do this because the DNA strand of the probe only binds to the appropriate DNA with a complementary sequence. Scientists label the probe with florescent markers or radioactive markers so that the gene of interest can be visualized. Often probes are used in conjunction with RFLP. After the organisms genome has been fragmented and electrophoresed, an absorbent membrane is placed over the gel and the DNA bands are "blotted" onto the membrane (this technique is called Southern Blotting).

Food Critique History Essay

Food history is an interdisciplinary field that examines the history of food, and the cultural, economic, environmental, and sociological impacts of food. Food history is considered distinct from the more traditional field of culinary history, which focuses on the origin and recreation of specific recipes. Food historians look at food as one of the most important elements of cultures, reflecting the social and economic structure of society. Food history is a new discipline, considered until recently a fringe discipline. The first journal in the field, Petits Propos Culinaires was launched in 1979 and the first conference on the subject was the Food & History is a multilingual (French, English, German, Italian and Spanish) scientific journal that has been published since 2003. Food & History is the biannual scientific review of the European Institute for the History and Cultures of Food (IEHCA) based in Tours. It publishes papers about the history and culture of food. The review Food & History is the biannual scientific review of the Institut Europeen d’Histoire et des Cultures de l’Alimentation / European Institute for the History and Culture of Food (IEHCA) in Tours, France. Founded in 2003, it is the first journal in Europe, both in its vocation and concept, specialised in the specific field of food history. Food & History aims at presenting, promoting and diffusing research that focuses on alimentation from an historical and/or cultural perspective. The journal studies food history (from prehistory to the present), food archaeology, and food culture from different points of view. It embraces social, economic, religious, political, agronomical, and cultural aspects of food and nutrition. It deals at the same time with questions of food consumption, production and distribution, with alimentation theories and practices (medical aspects included), with food-related paraphernalia and infrastructures, as well as with culinary practices, gastronomy, and restaurants. Being positioned at the cross-roads of the humanities and social sciences, the review deliberately promotes interdisciplinary research approaches. Although most contributions are concerned with European food history, the journal principally also welcomes articles on other food cultures. Food & History is a fully-fledged academic journal which applies the usual methodical instruments for assessing incoming articles, i. e. a double-blind reviewing process by external referees, recruited from a large and ever-growing intercontinental pool of experts in the field of social and cultural food studies. Food & History belongs to a decreasing spectrum of journals which openly expresses its European and international character by accepting manuscripts in five European languages (English, French, Spanish, Italian, and German). Food & History gains official recognition from the Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales of the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) and is indexed by the European Reference Index for the Humanities (ERIH) of the European Science Foundation (History category B). Food & History can be published thanks to the financial support from the Ministere de l’Education nationale, Ministere de l’enseignement superieur et de la recherche, Universite Francois-Rabelais de Tours, and the Conseil Regional du Centre. [edit] History Food and History was created by a network of academic researchers and students, with the help of the French Ministry for National Education and the University of Tours. The journal is sustained by the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)[1] and is cited by the European Science Foundation in its European Reference Index for the Humanities (ERIH)[2]. The launch of Food & History was on the one hand a logical fruit of the foundation of the European Institute for the History of Food in December 2000 in Strasbourg (redefined in 2005 as European Institute for the History and Culture of Food), and on the other hand a clear manifestation of the gradual breakthrough of social and cultural food studies as an independent field of research during the first decades of the 21st century. The emergence of this sub-discipline had, of course, been anticipated in an impressive record of food-related research, conducted by scholars from adjacent fields, such as e. . economic history, agricultural history, history of the body etc. However, the scholars behind these pioneering works were generally operating on a rather individual base and they would not have defined themselves as food historians. It was only with the foundation of the journal Food and Foodways in 1986 and of the International Commission for Research into European Food History (ICFREH) by Hans-Jurgen Teuteberg in Munster 1989 that a first infrastructural framework for social and cultural ood studies was provided. In the decades around the turn of the century, a lot of new food-related research initiatives became visible, thus demonstrating the vitality of this research area. In 1997, the Department of History at the University of Adelaide established a Research Centre for the History of Food and Drink. In 2001, a new web-journal The Anthropology of Food was launched and in 2004 the American Association for the Study of Food and Society re-launched a journal, entitled Food, Culture and Society. Around the turn of the century, due to – amongst others – new appointments in the editorial board, the research interest of the journal Food and Foodways changed in a two-fold sense: on the one hand â€Å"it shifted away from familiar disciplines (history, sociology, ethnology) toward ‘unexpected’ones (communication sciences, linguistics, tourism)†, on the other hand it became increasingly dominated by Anglo-Saxon input, especially from scholars from the USA, whereas the influence of the traditional French research schools significantly diminished. Some scholars argue that this ‘exotic’ publication strategy of Food and Foodways may have led to the launch of the new food history journal Food & History. Be that as it may, it was from the very start of the European Institute for the History of Food obvious that this new Europe-wide food research initiative should be accordingly accompanied by the launch of a new publication platform. And so happened: three years after its foundation, the IEHA announced the introduction of a new journal, Food & History, which still appears under the aegis of IEHCA, represented by its director Francis Chevrier (series editor). It started with a 7-persons board, consisting of four historians, one sinologist, one sociologist and Secretary Christophe Marion. As from volume 4. 2 (publication year 2006), the editorial board was almost doubled, with the addition of a philologist, archaeologist, classicist, and three historians. After a transition period and the appointment of a new secretary in 2007, the journal has been increasingly professionalised, amongst others by the introduction of a new uniform style sheet (link) and by the application of a comprehensive peer reviewing system (starting with volume 5. 1). These assessments are usually carried out on an entirely honorary base. However, by way of acknowledgement, the names of external referees are regularly published, usually in the last issue of each volume. Another development that bears witness of the increasing professionalisation of the journal was the change in its direction. During the initial period, Massimo Montanari had served as editor in chief, but in 2008 the editorial board declared itself openly in favour of a new dual leading structure, which rotates among the board members, giving each tandem a triennial turn (which is once renewable for another turn of three years). During a transitional year (2009), Montanari was accompanied by Allen Grieco and Peter Scholliers, who in the subsequent year took over the torch of the journals direction. Yet another step towards further professionalisation was the introduction of a group of corresponding members as from 2010, with the aim to represent the journal’s interests in different world regions and to establish a permanent flow of food research related information between these regions and the journal’s â€Å"headquarters†.

Employees training and development of hrm will influence the performance of an organization.

1. IntroductionNoe ( 2005 ) states that â€Å"Training and development is including activities that help cultivate employees ‘ accomplishments, cognition, and abilities. Trained employees have competences to run into the current and future demands of organisation. Through the preparation and intercession steps, the human resources sections help organisations to set up a high-performing, active and engaged workforce† . In the concern universe, preparation and development refers to back up internal human resource efficiency of excess surveies instruction and better the procedure in an organisation. Due to the preparation and development inseparable, these two words are by and large used to specify employee with each other in continuously better to accomplish a series of organisational ends. If without preparation and development plans, organisation may non be able to recognize their full potency. In most organisations, developing and development undertaking is to cover with human resource direction forces. This relationship depends on everybody ‘s communicating, cooperation and clear set of occupation accomplishments as defined by occupation descriptions among all degrees of the organisation. When an organisation ‘s values can do employees eager to accomplish their ends, so employee development program can be implemented to do this sort of circumstance occurrence ( Neo, 2005 ) . The intent of this assignment is speaking about how employees developing and development of HRM will act upon the public presentation of an organisation. I am traveling to happen out some groundss, provide literature reappraisals and through analysis to present how preparation and development influence organisational public presentation.2. Research QuestionThis assignment subject describes that how the employees preparation and development of HRM will act upon the public presentation of an organization.Training and development are of import constituents of human resource. This is a procedure in which the possible endowments and accomplishments of employees are honed and polished. The employees are trained on both the proficient facets of their occupations and on interpersonal accomplishments. This subject Lashkar-e-Taiba people cognize the employees preparation and development of importance in the human resource direction and what relationship between preparation development and public presentation of organisation is.3. Importance of StudyTraining and development is construction to assist employees to develop their personal and organisational accomplishments, cognition and the abilities. For all facets of human resource development, particularly, the most superior work force is the development, so that their organisations and single employees can make the work ends for client service. All employees want to be valuable at any times in the competitory labour market. This is merely manner can be achieved through staff preparation and development. All employees want to be valuable at any times in the competitory labour market. This is merely manner can be achieved through staff preparation and development. Employees ever want to for bettering career-enhancing accomplishments, which will ever take to the enthusiasm and keeping of the employees. there is no uncertainty that a good preparation and development employees will be a valuable plus to the organisation and Thus increasing chances of efficiency in executing his responsibilities ( Tobby,2011 ) . Training can be chiefly of two types in an organisation: Internal and external preparation class. When preparation is the internal preparation, it is including that organisation ‘s internal hour section or preparation section is utilizing a senior staff or any outstanding staff in specific sectors as a resource individual. On the other manus external preparation usually conducted outside the company, chiefly is organized preparation establishments or adviser. No affair which preparation, it is important for all staff and aid in constructing calling placement and readying of staff for greater challenges ( Tobby,2011 ) . The employer should enable staff to prosecute work preparation and development in a way that they choose and are interested in, non merely in assigned specific way. The organisations should back up the acquisition, in general, and non merely in support of the current cognition workers needed for the occupation or following expected. It should be noted that the cardinal factor is to guarantee employees engaged in the involvement of, go toing, and motivated and retained ( Adiele, 2009 ) . For every employee to execute good particularly directors or supervisors, there is demand for continued preparation and development. The right staff preparation, development and instruction offer large net income for the employer to the increased productiveness, cognition, trueness, and part to common growing of the organisation. In most instances, external preparation for the participants of the illustration provides a new manner to run into people in the same field and web. The meeting will give them a opportunity to compare jobs, happen out what is to obtain the other side environment. It decidedly will present positive alterations where necessary ( Adiele, 2009 ) .4. Literature Reappraisal4.1 background informationNoe ( 2005 ) states that â€Å"Traditionally, developing and development was non considered as an activity that could assist organisations to make â€Å"value† and cover with competitory challenges successfully. Nowadays, that position changed. Organizations use advanced preparation and development plans is likely to describe better fiscal public presentation than their challengers that non make. Training and development besides helps a company to run into competitory challenges. For case, as organisations tried to set new merchandises to market and adjust services just-in-time, employees need developing and cognition required every bit shortly as possible delivery.† At present, preparation and development dramas an of import function in assisting organisations run into some challenges. Therefore, organisations need to develop employees to work with individuals from different civilizations both in domestic and foreign people. If the preparation such as Web and multimedia, these new engineerings will cut down the costs associated with conveying employees to a cardinal location for preparation. In homology, these developing methods include the necessary conditions ( feedback, pattern, etc ) for larning to happen. Due to the development of the cyberspace, e-commerce has exploded on the concern scene. Organizations have already recognized that preparation and development activities can accommodate to the Internet, cut downing costs and increasing their effectivity, ensuing in the development of electronic acquisition ( Neo, 2005 ) . Training consequence has expanded beyond developing plan design. Effective instructional preparation is still of import, but more and more preparation directors, human resource experts and developing staff have been asked to make systems to actuate employees to larn, portion that cognition with other employees in the organisation. Training has moved from an accent on a erstwhile event to the creative activity of conditions for larning that can happen through coaction, online acquisition, traditional schoolroom preparation, or a combination of methods. There is increased acknowledgment that larning occurs without a formal preparation class ( Neo, 2005 ) .4.2 Key point 1 Better public presentation of the employeesTraining is a procedure of acquisition every bit good as the application of acquired cognition taking at better public presentation of the employees, while development involves non merely in relation to the procedure, but besides related to assist employees in set uping their personality, at the same clip as, better their advancement to recognize their full potencies. Training and development plans bring a immense alteration in footings of cognition, attitudes and behaviour of employees. Because of these plans, the employees are non merely familiar with what is expected of them and how they need to heighten their accomplishments and abilities, but besides it is a manner to finish the full organisation development, effectivity and efficiency in a coveted mode. The major advantages of Training and development plans are the employees who are non trained need more supervising than those who are trained.An employee will additions new cognition, accomplishments and attitudes and applies them in their work situations.Training is a sort of method to construct up assurance among the employees, so that they do n't hold any obstructor to run their undertakings. The intent of this plan is to salvage money, because the organisation is likely to bear heavy outgo on engaging new employees.This is besides one of the best ways to spread out the span of direction.4.3 Key point 2 Benefits for both the organisation and employeesThe benefits of Training are intangible and it is good for both sides that the organisation and employees for long-run investing in preparation. Training enhances the employees ‘ degree of accomplishments. It provides sense of satisfaction ; this is a sort of interior motive. The preparation besides provides a assortment of Sill ss employees. Training increases the employees ‘ committedness to their occupation and their organisation. It is better understanding of occupations reduces accidents ( Ansar, 2009 ) . The one of the most of import benefits of an organisational preparation is that it provides accomplishments within the organisation to cut down comprehensive cost of the organisational operations. Quality is one of the cardinal factors needed for endurance of an organisation in long term involvements. Entire Quality Management ( TQM ) and other quality direction techniques require employees ‘ preparation as an of import necessity for its successful execution ( Ansar, 2009 ) .4.4 Key point 3 Competitive leadTo accomplish competitory advantage from the organisational preparation and development, preparation and development section aid take insufficient or public presentation lacks in employee. It is peculiarly true when – ( 1 ) the lack is caused by a deficiency of ability instead than a deficiency of motive to execute, ( 2 ) the person ( s ) involved have the aptitude and motive demand to larn how to make the occupation better, and ( 3 ) supervisors and equals are supportive of the coveted behaviours ( Kumar, 2011 ) . An organisational preparation and development wages dividends to the employee and the organisation. Although there are no individual preparation plan benefits, the organisation committed to better its preparation and development to heighten its human resource capablenesss and strengthens its competitory advantages. Meanwhile, the employee ‘s personal and calling ends are furthered, by and large adding to his abilities and value to the employer. Ultimately, the aims of the human resource section are besides furthered ( Kumar, 2011 ) .4.5 Summary of Literature ReviewTraining and development is a really perfect manner to better the fight of an organisation. It besides enhances the employees ‘ accomplishments, abilities and many other facets. Actually, both of employees and organisation obtain the benefits. Training and development plan is one of the best ways to spread out the span of direction. It is besides to salvage money for organisation.5. Analysis5.1 Analysis for poin t1Well-trained, skilled employees are far better than those without preparation, and they have better calling ‘s chances. They will go competent and execute their assigned undertaking independently. For illustration, one time an untrained employee asked his friend who was trained, â€Å"I do n't believe developing plan is of any value. After all what you learn by it? † He replied, â€Å"We are trained even how to inquire inquiries and the art of effectual communicating which you seem to be lacking.†In fact, it ‘s interesting illustration, but it reveals the fact as preparation is covered all necessary accomplishments of the employees required in the workplace while actuating them to work in a coveted and capable manner ( zeromillion.com, 2011 ) . Internal preparation provides the accurate placement and demand with satisfaction of those demands so interwoven into current procedures and work flow. When a new job or facet of work is identified, developing and development provides prompt development of the employee accomplishments needed to get the hang this procedure. Besides that, the preparation and development gives instructional staff chance for immediate rectification of employee with errors in the workplace, immediate reappraisal, and more preparation ‘s designation. When preparation and development consequences have better consequence, employees tend to expose a greater sense of ownership and pride in their work. This can assist organisation to increasing productiveness and efficiency, at same clip, occupation satisfaction besides increases. Employees who are satisfied in their work are more likely to redouble their attempts and be more valuable to the company, which will in bend, put the organisation in a stronger place ( zeromillion.com, 2011 ) .5.2 Analysis for point 2Customer satisfaction increases repetition concern, this is a cardinal to success.Training will advance good client dealingss and harmonizing to preparation, organisation will increase client satisfaction and quality of service.â€Å"Just In Time† stress on waste decrease and production procedure of waiting time.Better preparation will cut down waste and machine down clip. A major portion of quality costs by supervising ; by supplying appropriate preparation this is reduc ed. Training improves productiveness of employees and procedures ( Ansar, 2009 ) . High staff turnover may be a serious menace to being of an organisation, preparation can cut down staff turnover and assist an organisation to retain its staff. Better preparation can do an organisation more competitory in concern market ( Ansar, 2009 ) . In a service industry organisation chief beginning of income is its employees professional cognition and the accomplishments, hold oning professional with high accomplishments is comparatively expensive than developing current employees to get those accomplishments. Training is besides a cardinal demand for new entry demands ; appropriate preparation helps them to understand their place, its demands and duties. Training will besides increase the understanding organisational civilization ( Ansar, 2009 ) . Training plans increases communicating between different degrees of an organization.Any deficit in procedures and working were canceled and those close to production processes become involve in the management.Employees ‘ authorization is a recent tendency in direction ( Ansar, 2009 ) .5.3 Analysis for point 3Competitive leadThere is greater flexibleness, capacity, stableness and for growing in an organization.Training provides employees at least in the stableness of two aspects.Trained employees go efficient.Efficient employees contribute to the organisation, particularly when growth.In add-on, well-trained employees tend to remain in the organisation. They seldom left the organization.All Renaissance mans can be transferred to any job.Therefore flexibleness is ensured.Growth indicates prosperity, which is reflected in increased net incomes from twelvemonth to year.Who else but well-trained employees can lend to the prosperity of an organisation? Harmonizing to preparation and development, accidents, bit and harm to machinery and equipment can be avoided or minimized.Even ailments, absenteeism, dissatisfaction and turnover can be reduced if employees are trained good. Because of preparation and development plans, the hereafter needs of employees will acquire satisfaction.Training serves as an effectual beginning of enlisting. Training is an investing in human resources with a promise of better returns in future. Therefore, organisations can acquire more competitory though the preparation and development ( Kumar, 2011 ) .5.4 Summary of analysesThey will go competent and execute their assigned undertaking independently. Training can cut down staff turnover and assist an organisation to retain its staff. Better preparation can do an organisation more competitory in concern market. Trained employees go efficient.Efficient employees contribute to the organisation. Finally, developing and development can convey a batch of benefits to both of organisation and em ployees.6. Conclusion & A ; Recommendation6.1 DecisionIn decision, we all know that preparation and development plans are of import for an organisation to develop the employee. When a kid was born he required changeless touch of parents till he stood on his ain feet.An organisation though flowered by picks of the society, still developing is required due to rapid technological up step and alteration in working methods every twenty-four hours. Training purposes at continued self-development of the employees. Employees are expected to develop themselves continuously in an organisation. When the employees in an organisation are developed from clip to clip with all updated cognition, so decidedly that organisation will turn to a greater tallness.6.2 RecommendationBoth employees and companies are concerned with developing future accomplishments and pull offing callings. Companies want a work force that is motivated and productive, has up-to-date accomplishments, and can rapidly larn new accomplishments to run into altering client demands. Employees want to develop accomplishments that non merely are utile for their current occupations but besides are congruous with their personal involvements and values. Employees are interested in developing accomplishments that can assist them stay employable with either their current employer or a future 1. Given the increasing clip demands of work, employees are besides interested in keeping balance between work and nonworking involvements.

Childrens fairy tales Essays

Childrens fairy tales Essays Childrens fairy tales Essay Childrens fairy tales Essay The Pardonner and the Summoner are the last two portraits in the prologue and perhaps two of the most interesting. They appear to be not only partners in work but also in a homosexual relationship. The bond is strong and they are open about their affections; on the journey they sing a love song together, and rather loudly too! Ful loude he soong come hider, love to me! / this the Summoner bar to him a stif burdoun. They are both quite similar in their visage, both being relatively ugly, and yet at the same time they have something about them of the fascination of the incongruous in childrens fairy tales. A Summoner was a person appointed to bring the ecclesiastical courts to those who transgressed against the laws of the church. The position offered many chances for corruption and abuse of power, and we see that this Summoner readily indulges in doing so. In Chaucers era the face told many tales and was reflective of inner character. We see almost immediately that the Summoners face epitomises his inner torment and struggle with morality. The reference to his fyr reed cherrubinnes face reminds us hells fire and therefore symbolises his lecherous nature. The ironic juxtaposition of fyr reed and cherrunbinnes highlights the darker side of his personality. The description of the Pardonner is equally as repelling. His hair is as yelow as wex,,/But smothe it heeng as dooth a strike of flex hanging in greasy rats tails, his eyes narrow and these, coupled with an unbroken voice and boyish complexion, appear inappropriate for a grown man and force the Pardonner to cover his inadequacies by pretending to be a stylish, homosexual, young man. Both men work for the church, and both exploit people to the full. The Summoner is prepared, if adequately bribed, to condone most offences, as he believes money is more important than the excommunication that the courts can give, purs is the ercedekenes helle. For only a quart of wine he will permit the priests to have a mistress, in fact he will allow almost anything; for the right price! We can overlook nearly all of this as most sins no longer punishable in todays society, but perhaps the most chilling and disturbing aspect to his character is that he has the girles1 in his diocese at his mercy. After hearing of his lecherous nature we wonder just what this man does with these young people. The Pardonner, like the Summoner, earns his living through deceiving people. Pardonners were sellers of Papal indulgences, whereby a sinner could buy penance; but this Pardonner earns extra money to that which he gains selling penances; he sells relikes. A pilwe-beer which he claims is the veil of the Virgin Mary, pigges bones masquerading as those of a saint, fragments of the sail and a cheap cross and with these and feyened flaterie and japes,/ He made the person and the people his apes. Perhaps, howver, the ultimate irony is that this loathsome creature is extremely convincing in church But trewely to tellen at laste,/ he was in chirche a noble ecclesiate. In writing the portrait of the Summoner, Chaucer appears to be flattering the man when he is in fact his scathing satire is reaching new intensities. When describing the Pardonner, on the other hand, Chaucer is openly hostile. One source claims that this si so that we can empathise with his spiritual sterility, but in my opinion Chaucer merely created a character to be totally loathed and detested. The Friar is third ecclesiast in the prologue and the last of the trio of deviants who set their desires against the ordained patterns of behaviour. Of all of them, the Friar is by far the worst. This Friar, like others, has moved form being an itinerant teacher and defender of the faith, to being an exploiter of the poor and a parasite on the community. Perhaps Chaucer was trying to warn us when he opened the portrait by describing the Friar as a wantowne and a merie,/ A limatour, a ful solempne man. These adjectives seem to have been randomly thrown together by Chaucer and in fact this sort of moral chaos is perfectly fitting for the Friar. He hadde maad ful many a marriage/ Of yonge wommen at his owene cost. This altruistic gesture seems more in keeping with the duties of a devoted Friar, but I discovering his lecherous nature the gesture begs the question why? The Friar is not selfless and we wonder what was in it for him? It becomes apparent that these marriages are merely a despicable front, a way of offloading his own sexual mistakes and a means of allowing him to negate responsibility for his actions. Unto his ordre he was a noble post, This is heavily ironic as we find it hard to conceive that this man is the pillar of any community. Chaucers use of adverbs such as sweetly and plesaunt only serve to highlight the sarcastic and ironic tone of this portrait. The Friar abuses his power of confession He was an esy man to yeve penaunce, /Ther as he wiste to have a good pitaunce which is a great contrast to the Parson who would snibben sharply for the nonis any man who transgressed, regardless of his social position.

Free Essays on Firefighters - Recruitment And Retention

Intro to Fire Protection Recruitment and Retention I come from a small town in central Pennsylvania with a population of about 2500 people. I joined the fire department in my town about 5 years ago and we had about 30 really active members. We are down to about 15. There were various reasons those people left the department. Some left because they had gotten married, some because they had children, many because they didn’t have time, and some just plain and simply got to old. It some times can be difficult to get people to join the fire service as a volunteer. Not many people are willing to put it all on the line for nothing. There are only so many people who just want to be firefighters and in the case of my town there are 15. We need to start to give people an incentive to join. The local, state, and even federal government need to step up and help the volunteer fire companies get more members because recruiting is an investment in the future. Retention is the ability to maximize that investment. First create a recruiting task force or committee and train them. Recruiting should be ongoing and not time-limited. Recruiting takes effort. Market your fire department. You are competing with many community and individual interests. Make the volunteer nature of the fire department known to the community. Make everyone on your department a recruiter, Give them basic skills to do the job and reward them. If someone decides to leave do exit interviews. Ask those that are leaving the department to assist you in understanding motivation to join, reasons to stay and reasons to leave. Use this information to assist the recruitment and retention process. There are a lot of options out there that the Government needs to look into to get people into the service. For example offer free drivers licenses to volunteer firefighters. You could also offer free memberships to local gyms or health clubs. Also two ideas that I think can real... Free Essays on Firefighters - Recruitment And Retention Free Essays on Firefighters - Recruitment And Retention Intro to Fire Protection Recruitment and Retention I come from a small town in central Pennsylvania with a population of about 2500 people. I joined the fire department in my town about 5 years ago and we had about 30 really active members. We are down to about 15. There were various reasons those people left the department. Some left because they had gotten married, some because they had children, many because they didn’t have time, and some just plain and simply got to old. It some times can be difficult to get people to join the fire service as a volunteer. Not many people are willing to put it all on the line for nothing. There are only so many people who just want to be firefighters and in the case of my town there are 15. We need to start to give people an incentive to join. The local, state, and even federal government need to step up and help the volunteer fire companies get more members because recruiting is an investment in the future. Retention is the ability to maximize that investment. First create a recruiting task force or committee and train them. Recruiting should be ongoing and not time-limited. Recruiting takes effort. Market your fire department. You are competing with many community and individual interests. Make the volunteer nature of the fire department known to the community. Make everyone on your department a recruiter, Give them basic skills to do the job and reward them. If someone decides to leave do exit interviews. Ask those that are leaving the department to assist you in understanding motivation to join, reasons to stay and reasons to leave. Use this information to assist the recruitment and retention process. There are a lot of options out there that the Government needs to look into to get people into the service. For example offer free drivers licenses to volunteer firefighters. You could also offer free memberships to local gyms or health clubs. Also two ideas that I think can real...

Based in and based out of

Based in and based out of Based in and based out of Based in and based out of By Maeve Maddox M. Arun writes: Is it correct to say I work out of New York- to mean that ones workplace is in New York. Or to say I am based out of New York to mean you live in New York? It sounds a wrong to me! The use of out of described here may be a regional thing. It is not standard English. Ordinarily, the expression to work out of a place is used this way: Mr. Patel works out of his house. Mr. Patel has a home office where he runs his business or fulfills the obligations of a job (telecommuting). George works out of New York. George lives in New York, or his companys office is in New York, but his work takes him to various places. As for based, a person or a business can be based in New York. To say that one is based out of New York seems to mean that the person or business is located somewhere other than in New York. It seems a curious choice for someone to say Im based out of New York to mean merely I live in New York. I suppose that the use of based in this context could represent an effort to distance oneself from the place lived in: Im based in New York for now, but my real home is in Alabama. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†10 Types of TransitionsHyphenation in Compound Nouns

Developing Conceptual Frameworks Are a Time Wasting Activity Essay

Developing Conceptual Frameworks Are a Time Wasting Activity - Essay Example The financial accounting theory functions on the basis of conceptual framework, explains the observed accounting practices and predicts the unobserved practices. The theoretical framework of accounting evolved significantly in the 20th century following the market crash in 1929 and recent financial crisis. The major accounting theories, developed in 20th century are Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), fundamental analysis model, CAPM, positive accounting theory and critical perspective model. These theories were criticised by SATTA (Statement of Accounting Theory & Theory Acceptance) giving the reasons why these theories could not gain general acceptance. The main points of criticism were real world complexity, varying requirements of user groups, and failed interpretation of security price behaviour through EMH, costs of adopting accounting standards more than the benefits and limited capacity of users in assimilation and analysis of accounting information. Further, to understand the implications of conceptual framework example of the joint project of IASB and FASB for the convergence of their respective conceptual frameworks is discussed. ...Conceptual Framework A conceptual framework explains the key factors, variables or constructs and their presumed interrelationships either in a narrative form or graphic form (Miles & Huberman, 1999, p.18). It is primarily a model or conception of what is meant to be studied i.e. the system of assumptions, concept, beliefs, expectations and theories. Its function is to help assess the goals, develop relevant and realistic research questions, select apt methods and identify the validity threats to the conclusion. The conceptual framework also helps in justifying the research. It is like a tentative theory which may or may not be complete. In order to construct a conceptual framework of a study the sources which can be used are: experiential knowledge, existing research and theory, exploratory research and thought experiment s (Maxwell, 2005, p.33-37). The experiential knowledge is the most important and neglected source for conceptual framework and bringing it in the research is treated as bias whereas Peshkin (1988) has strongly argued that the researchers should seek subjectivity in a systematic manner rather than in retrospective manner when the data collection and analysis is complete (Peshkin, 1988, p.17). A belief is a subjective condition of knowledge. For example in order to know a proposition ‘P’, one has to believe ‘P’ (Hospers, 1997, p.40).

Revolution and Popular War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Revolution and Popular War - Essay Example "Everything that we did was for our children so that they could learn to read, so they could have a better life, then we, with this idea, participated in the Revolution. With the idea that they were going to learn to read, that they were going to learn many things that they didnt know, with this we integrated in the process of the Revolution," Ser Madre en Nicaragua (Being a Mother in Nicaragua) The need to foster better lives saw women form self help groups and organisations such as child care and community service. It is also recorded that women also joined armies and vigilant groups to modulate the strife being accosted on the males. During and after the Sandinista war, it was quite a struggle in terms of economic index. The Nicaragua states generally had US$ 1.6 billion, of which was payable in a time span of not less than five years. The government formed bodies of workers union to bolster the overall GDP of the state so that the foreign debt would be paid. Apparently, the government partnered with the private sector to ensure that more investment be generated. They were responsible for renegotiating the foreign debt and channelling foreign economic aid through the state-owned International Reconstruction Fund (Fondo Internacional de Reconstruction--FIR). The new government received bilateral and multinational financial assistance and also rescheduled the national foreign debt on advantageous terms. Pledging food for the poor, the junta made restructuring the economy its highest priority. . Workers in organisations also put in extra adjustments by putting in longer hours in offices to get more work down and improve on the daily accountability of finances. Immediately after the revolution, the FSLN also developed mass organizations representing most popular interest groups in Nicaragua. The most significant of these included the Sandinista Workers Federation (Central Sandinista de Trabajadores--CST) representing

The Burden of the Current Unemployment Insurance Program on Small Essay

The Burden of the Current Unemployment Insurance Program on Small Businesses and Possible Alternatives - Essay Example Instead, they want to pay more for the employees' salaries and wage protection. The business cost rising from the payment of tax towards unemployment compensation will have to recoup by the business firm through its business and actually the consumers bear the tax burden of the firm. The tax rate of unemployment insurance is based on the stability in working of the firms. A company with stable employment history will get deduction in tax rate. An employer is held liable for paying towards unemployment insurance in case he has quarterly payroll of $1500 or more in a calendar year. "The tax rate for new employers is .0270 (2.7 percent). The first $7,000 in wages paid to each employee during a calendar year is taxable. Any amount over $7,000 for the year is excess wages and is not subject to tax. Excess wages can never be greater than gross wages."1 According to the Federal Unemployment Tax Act establishment and administration of the Unemployment Compensation Program is carried on mutually by the state and federal governments. Thus there exist dual system of state and federal in the tax program and the, payments of the employer towards payroll taxes is levied by both the state and federal governments. The rate of payment towards unemployment taxes by employees is on the basis of established tax rates and the history of employers work stability. Thus employers having a history of greater unemployed workers would have to pay more towards the unemployment compensation tax. In case the business owner is compelled to lay off his business for military service, the resulted unemployment to workers would lead to count as a higher unemployment rate in the firm and thus the tax rate payable by the employer will be higher. Similarly if the employees took leave from their jobs for military service then also firms work history will be shown as higher unemployment rate and thus also the tax rate will be increased. In case workers who refrain from job for joining with their transferred military spouse have the legal right to receive unemployment compensation. Thus the employer wants to pay for their non working employees even though job is exist there. In some states the employers are not chargeable for the workers' leave for military service and thus it does not taken for calculating its tax rate. However the workers have the right to receive unemployment compensation and this is charged from the unemployment compensation fund of the state. Thus the actual cost of workers compensation is paid by the employer as a socialized cost and this will lead to increase the overall state unemployment tax rate. 2 Complicated tax regulations is causing firms to indulge in unnecessary law suits with high cost and this will always prevent establishing new business. Along with this higher rate of workers compensation and unemployment insurance has lead to increasing the labor cost of firms. In Florida there employ tort reform for reducing the burden of employers. Joint and several liability rate reductions are followed in workers unemployment compensation insurance. Small businesses are seriously affected by the workers compensation insurance. Majority of the burden of the rising tax rate is always comes to small businesses. Due to shortfalls in state regulation relating to compensation insurance the small business are required to bear a major portion of the UC fund. The working cost such as regulatory costs and tax payments are always becoming

Family System Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Family System Theory - Essay Example The family therapist, as his profession is known by this name, was born in Argentina and the main achievement of the man is in his work of Structural Family Therapy. The main idea of the structure is decipher the kind of relationships that are found among the family members and psychological patterns of each of them. Communication and understanding among the members of a family are deeply influenced by the psychological differences, which are commonly found in them. Salvador Minuchin has tried to come to some conclusions about what are the common types of psychological patterns that can be found in any family. His researches have helped the sociologists to get solutions to many questions, which were not yet answered before Minuchin’s arrival. (Anderson and Sabatelli, 1999; Minuchin, 1974) Minuchin’s great work Families and Family Therapy begins with an account of a conversation between Minuchin himself and a character named Mr. Smith. What we find in this conversation is Minuchin’s way to solve the problems inside a family. Mr. Smith fails to detect with whom he has problems in the family. It is true that the whole family matter upsets him but he cannot point the individual for whom he feels uncomfortable. Minuchin’s way of treating people belonging to families is based on the understanding of the situation in which the concerned person is. Nothing can be done without knowing the whole structure of the family where the person belongs. So the basic thing of family system theory is obviously the environment, which has been woven by the contributions of each of the family members. Minuchin shows in his theory that a family man or a woman should never be treated as an individual if someone is trying to solve the family problem. In these cases the man or the woman is actually a part of a social group, which is well defined. A family can be taken as the unit for the society and this is why treatment basing

Technology in work place Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technology in work place - Research Paper Example The term technology is specified to the subjects of concern as for example, medical technology, construction technology, information technology and networking technology to name a few. Technology therefore has profound effects on the human being as well as the other species of this world. With the unmatched development of technology, business houses have also started taking interest in the implementation of technology for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of business. The most common technologies used by the companies nowadays for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency are video conferencing, virtual office technology and social networks. With these technologies, workplace boundaries have actually expunged. Furthermore, with the implementation of technology, companies now get the opportunity to target wider customer base and can reach out to many geographical places of the world (Hanks 14-18). What are its promises? The advancement of technology promises people to show more ef ficient ways of doing the work. For instance, the education system has advanced to a great extent with the development of computers and laptops. In the similar way, the business houses have also experienced tremendous benefits for the development of technology. Companies have been able to take their business on a global scale in the most efficient form and in the most cost effective way. Technology also promises to improve the following fields. Improved Communication: Improving the communication at work place is one of the basic necessities of organizations. In this context, technology can be useful in improving the communication infrastructure of the company. Earlier, communication among the workers used to take place with the help of wired telephone lines and off late mobile phones and fax. However, robust development of technology has facilitated companies to shift to more modern communication systems (Clarke 16-24). Human Capital: - With the development and implementation of imp roved technologies, companies nowadays are able to embrace better human resource. This is generally achieved through the improved efficiency of screening, recruitment and hiring. The performance and performance appraisal is also carried out with improved technology. The concept of balanced scorecard and 360 degree appraisal method are some of the examples of technology in improving the capacity of human resources. Greater Efficiency: technology is indispensible in increasing the efficiency of the company. Technology has not only provided companies with the opportunity to improve efficiency but has also helped in maintaining high productivity. What are some potential down side of these new technologies and trends? In today’s world, where everything is just about accessible and more convenient due to the advancements in technology, it seems that continued development will be inevitable. Stepping into the 21st century has allowed mankind to experience some of the most unbelievab le things. However, authors have mentioned that when the other side of this development is considered, technology can be a cause of destruction, if not used properly (Baldauf and Stair 22-24). Despite a number of applications and advantages, there are potential down side of the new technologies and trends. Some of the obvious downsides are detailed below: - Dependency: - The dependency on technology in increasing at a robust rate. The more technological advancement being experienced by the society, the dependence of people on

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

Management - Essay Example ayo Clinic’s organizational culture and health care value chain are strengths that can be considered as long-term competitive advantages because they are rare, hard to imitate for competitors, and can be sustained. Its organizational culture is rare because of its strategic human resource management hiring and development policies and practices that ensure that the organization hires the right people who fit the values and strategic directions of the company (Niesen). Furthermore, Mayo Clinic has a well-coordinated, science-and-technology-centered, patient-oriented, user-relevant health care value chain that it has refined for more than 100 years that cannot be easily imitated by competitors. In addition, Mayo Clinic has a positioning strategy that merges cost and differentiation leadership. It is focused on reducing costs, but it also differentiates itself by being quality leader through research and development. Moreover, the basic meaning of the article is that it shows how difficult it is to become the best in a health care industry where costs are increasingly going up, but Mayo Clinic is succeeding because it has long-term competitive advantages, due to its dedicated, competent employees who have made a system that is not only cost-efficient, but also quality-centered. Mayo Clinic asserts that its success is a product of its systems and human resources. This is how its R&D works: â€Å"Our basic science and physician researchers are completely integrated into the Clinic and they work very closely with the physicians to understand the key questions that are out there, so that their work has real meaning† (Niesen). Its research is based on actual clinical problems. Moreover, Mayo Clinic underlines the value of its human resources to its success. For example, to drive efficiency, it hires and maintains competent engineers to focus on it: One of our secrets is weve had a very strong tradition of engineering at Mayo Clinic. We have 100s of engineers

Technology in work place Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technology in work place - Research Paper Example The term technology is specified to the subjects of concern as for example, medical technology, construction technology, information technology and networking technology to name a few. Technology therefore has profound effects on the human being as well as the other species of this world. With the unmatched development of technology, business houses have also started taking interest in the implementation of technology for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of business. The most common technologies used by the companies nowadays for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency are video conferencing, virtual office technology and social networks. With these technologies, workplace boundaries have actually expunged. Furthermore, with the implementation of technology, companies now get the opportunity to target wider customer base and can reach out to many geographical places of the world (Hanks 14-18). What are its promises? The advancement of technology promises people to show more ef ficient ways of doing the work. For instance, the education system has advanced to a great extent with the development of computers and laptops. In the similar way, the business houses have also experienced tremendous benefits for the development of technology. Companies have been able to take their business on a global scale in the most efficient form and in the most cost effective way. Technology also promises to improve the following fields. Improved Communication: Improving the communication at work place is one of the basic necessities of organizations. In this context, technology can be useful in improving the communication infrastructure of the company. Earlier, communication among the workers used to take place with the help of wired telephone lines and off late mobile phones and fax. However, robust development of technology has facilitated companies to shift to more modern communication systems (Clarke 16-24). Human Capital: - With the development and implementation of imp roved technologies, companies nowadays are able to embrace better human resource. This is generally achieved through the improved efficiency of screening, recruitment and hiring. The performance and performance appraisal is also carried out with improved technology. The concept of balanced scorecard and 360 degree appraisal method are some of the examples of technology in improving the capacity of human resources. Greater Efficiency: technology is indispensible in increasing the efficiency of the company. Technology has not only provided companies with the opportunity to improve efficiency but has also helped in maintaining high productivity. What are some potential down side of these new technologies and trends? In today’s world, where everything is just about accessible and more convenient due to the advancements in technology, it seems that continued development will be inevitable. Stepping into the 21st century has allowed mankind to experience some of the most unbelievab le things. However, authors have mentioned that when the other side of this development is considered, technology can be a cause of destruction, if not used properly (Baldauf and Stair 22-24). Despite a number of applications and advantages, there are potential down side of the new technologies and trends. Some of the obvious downsides are detailed below: - Dependency: - The dependency on technology in increasing at a robust rate. The more technological advancement being experienced by the society, the dependence of people on

Legislation on Stem Cell Research & Related Issues Essay

Legislation on Stem Cell Research & Related Issues - Essay Example The actual research on stem cells began after the 1950’s when a cure for leukemia and several immune-deficiency disorders were sought that were life-taking (UK Stem Cell Foundation 2011). Stem cell research produced a cure for leukemia through bone marrow transport from a sibling and within no time, people began to look forward at the same to develop a cure for several other disorders. People still consider stem cell research potentially providing a cure for several disorders including renal conditions (requiring renal transplantation, neuro-dengerative disorders, cardiac disorders, cancers, etc, wherein no cure for the same has been found till today using other forms of technology. In order to generate opportunities and cure for the disorder there needs to be greater funding from the Federal government in order to pioneer and support the development of such technology. In the past, stem cell research has also worked real-time cures for several disorders. For example, a person who had a gene resistant to the HIV virus, stem cell research helped the person to stop taking antiviral drugs. ... logy and that in sporadic cases, cures for several diseases have been obtained, there is no evidence to point out that stem cells can in fact proved a cure for diseases. These two points into consideration, the Bush Administration in 2001 decided to partially fund such research and slowly phase out the use of such technology. Stem cell research also involves harvesting body parts and for this reason the Congress sought a ban (Wertz, 2002). However, it should be noted that the Congress sought a ban only on that research that involved destruction of embryonic stem cells that had the potential to transform into living beings. Slowly with greater mileage and greater studies that proved that stem cells provided a cure for various disorders that were otherwise incurable, slowly stem cells research was sought as a necessity. In order to regulate the funding and projects under the stem cell banner, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine was created in 2004; any organization that wanted sponsorship for stem cell research had to approach to the CIRM. With greater pressure on the Bush Administration on the policy of banning stem cell research, a partial reversal of the policy was taken by the Bush government. The Barack Obama Government which came to power in 2008 immediately signed an Executive Order that permitted stem cell on human embryos. A clarification was issued by the US Federal Government in 2011, which said that the funds could only be used for stem cell research and not on destruction of human embryos. Hence, research projects that wanted to use federal funds had to have a clear and constructive purpose for stem cell research and not mere destruction of human embryos that would otherwise be obtained from the leftover embryos from couples who undergo IVF

Boyatzis Theory Of Self Directed Learning

Boyatzis Theory Of Self Directed Learning It was proved by Dr. Richard Boyatzis that medicinal and rehabilitative solutions to addictions do not last permanently and why addicts keep coming back to rehab facilities time to time. What this theory has shown is that adults learn what they want to learn. Other things, even if acquired temporarily (i.e., for a test), are soon forgotten. Students, patients and clients may act as if they care about learning something, go through the motions, but they proceed to disregard it or forget it-unless, it is something which they want to learn. Even in situations where aperson is under threat or coercion, a behavioural change shown will typically extinguish or revert to its original form once the threat is removed. This does not include changes induced, willingly or not, by chemical or hormonal changes in ones body. But even in such situations, the interpretation of the changes and behavioural comportment following it will be affected by the persons will, values, and motivations. Self-directed change is an intentional change in an aspect of who you are (i.e., the Real) or who you want to be (i.e., the Ideal), or both. Self-directed learning is self-directed change in which you are aware of the change and understand the process of change. The description and explanation of the self-directed change process is organized in five sections as shown in the figure below. Each section starts with a point of discontinuity.The persons behaviour may seem to be stuck for long periods of time and then a change appears quite suddenly. The First Discontinuity:Catching Your Dreams, Engaging Your Passion Our aspirations, dreams, and desired states are shaped by our values, philosophy, life and career stages, motives, role models, and other factors. This indicates that we can access and engage deep emotional commitment and psychic energy if we engage our passions and conceptually catch our dreams in our Ideal Self-image. The Second Discontinuity: Am I a Boiling Frog? For normal reasons, the human psyche protects itself from the automatic intake and conscious realization of all information about us. These ego-defence mechanisms serve to protect us. The boiling frog syndrome applies here. It is said that if one drops a frog into a pot of boiling water, it will jump out with an instinctive defence mechanism. But if you place a frog in a pot of cool water and gradually increase the temperature, the frog will sit in the water until it is boiled to death. These slow adjustments to changes are acceptable, but the same change made dramatically is not tolerated. Those forgiving the change, frightened of it, or who do not care, may allow it to pass unnoticed. Our relationships and interpersonal context mediate and interpret cues from the environment. They help us interpret what things mean. You ask a friend, Am I getting fat? To which she responds, No, you look great! Whether this is reassuring to the listener or not, it is confusing and may not be providing feedback to the question asked. Of course, if she had said, No, it is just the spread of age or normal effects of gravity you may not have more useful information either. There are four major learning points from the first two discontinuities in the self-directed learning process: Engage your passion and create your dreams; and Know thyself! Identify or articulate both your strengths (those aspects of yourself you want to preserve) and your gaps or discrepancies of your Real and Ideal Selves (those aspects of yourself you want to adapt or change); and Keep your attention on both characteristics forces or factors-do not let one become the preoccupation! All of these learning points can be achieved by finding and using multiple sources for feedback about your Ideal Self, Real Self, Strengths, and Gaps. The Third Discontinuity: Mindfulness Through a Learning Agenda A learning orientation arouses a positive belief in ones capabilityand the hope of improvement. A learning agenda helps a person focus on what they want to become. This results in people setting personal standards of performance, rather than normative standards that merely mimic what others have done. The Fourth Discontinuity: Metamorphosis Acting on the plan and toward the goals involves numerous activities. These are often made in the context of experimenting with new behaviour. Typically following a period of experimentation, the person practices the new behaviours in actual settings within which they wish to use them, such as at work or at home. During this part of the process, self-directed change and learning begins to look like a continuous improvement process. The Fifth Discontinuity: Relationships that Enable Us to Learn Our relationships are an essential part of our environment. The most crucial relationships are often a part of groups that have particular importance to us. These relationships and groups give us a sense of identity, guide us as to what is appropriate and good behavior, and provide feedback on our behavior. In sociology, they are called reference groups. These relationships create a context within which we interpret our progress on desired changes, the utility of new learning, and even contribute significantinput to formulation of the Ideal. In this sense, our relationships are mediators, moderators, interpreters, sources of feedback, sources of support and permission of change and learning! They may also be the most important source of protection from relapses or returning to our earlier forms of behavior. The major learning points from the fourth and fifth discontinuities critical in self-directed learning process are: Experiment and practice and try to learn more from your experiences! Find settings in which you feel psychologically safe within which to experiment and practice! and Develop and use your relationships as part of your change and learning process! The signposts on the path to self-direct learning are: At the end of self-directed learning approach that we followed, we gave each participant to evaluate him/herself on the below 9 outposts to keep track if they are progressing in the right direction. Has the person engaged their passion and dreams? Can they describe the person they want to be, the life and work they want to have in the future? Can they describe their Ideal Self? Does the person know himself or herself? Do they have a sense of their Real Self? Can the person articulate both their strengths (those aspects he/she wants to preserve) and gaps or discrepancies between their Real and Ideal Selves (those aspects he/she wants to adapt or change)? Has the person help their attention on both Strengths and Gaps- not letting one become the preoccupation? Does the person have their own personal learning agenda? IS it really their own? Can the elements of the plan fit into the structure of their life and work? Do the actions fit with their learning style and flexibility? Is the person experimenting and practicing new habits and actions? Is the person using their learning plan to learn more from their experiences? Has the person found settings in which to experiment and practice in which he/she feels psychologically safe? Is the person developing and utilizing his/her relationships as part of their learning process? Do they have coaches, mentors, friends, and others with whomthey can discuss progress on their learning agenda? Do they have relationships with which they can explore each their new behavior, habits, new Ideal Self, new Real Self, new strengths and gaps as the process unfolds? Are they helping others engage in a self-directed learning process? Cognitive behavioural therapy This is a psychotherapeutic approach, a talking therapy that aims to solve problems concerning dysfunctional emotions, behaviors and cognitions through a goal-oriented, systematic procedure. Patterns of Cognitive Distortions All-Or-Nothing Thinking You see things in black-and-white categories. If your performance falls short of perfect, you see yourself as a total failure. Disqualifying the positive You dismiss positive experiences by insisting they dont count for some reason or other. In this way you can maintain a negative belief that is contradicted by your everyday experiences. Magnification (Catastrophizing) or Minimization- You exaggerate the importance of things (such as your goof-up or someone elses achievement), or you inappropriately shrink things until they appear tiny (your own desirable qualities or the other fellows imperfections). This is also called the binocular trick. Should Statements You try to motivate yourself with shoulds and shouldnts, as if you had to be whipped and punished before you could be expected to do anything. Musts and oughts are also offenders. The emotional consequence is guilt. When you direct should statements toward others, you feel anger, frustration, and resentment. Labelling and Mislabelling This is an extreme form of overgeneralization. Instead of describing your error, you attach a negative label to yourself: Im a loser. When someone elses behaviour rubs you the wrong way, you attach a negative label to him: Hes a goddam louse. Mislabelling involves describing an event with language that is highly coloured and emotionally loaded. Personalization You see yourself as the cause of some negative external event which in fact you were not primarily responsible for. Guard against these Perfection Syndrome: Everybody needs to be and wants to be successful in life. Everybody in life wants to make it. However in doing so, we go overboard, stretch the limits of our body and return to the same stress levels that we wanted to overcome in the beginning. Entitlement Syndrome: Those inflicted with Entitlement Syndrome show symptoms of being overly-pampered, completely dependent upon others, frequently whining about trivial matters, full of jealousy and rage, excusing themselves out of doing anything difficult, unable to lose or fail gracefully, and they appear to resemble children in adult bodies. The Entitled consistently throw tantrums when they dont get what they want, especially if what they want belongs to the Responsible-Minded. The Entitled will often sue those who disagree with them, especially if they think it will fund their elaborate lifestyles for a long time.The only remedy for this disease is self-control. And the only source of self-control is their God-given moral conscience, which can often be lost altogether if the Entitled do not purge themselves from their enablers early in life. Dos and Donts Only meditation for first one year become aware of your feelings first and , then, to the inner-most thoughts Do not try to explain or apply any of these things to someone elses life Do not try to read anything about psychology, say, for one year

BEETHOVEN :: essays research papers

Ludwig Van Beethoven Born to a drunkard father and an unhappy mother, the young Beethoven was subjected to a brutal training in music at the hands of his father, who hoped that the boy would prove to be another prodigy like Mozart. Failing in this, the young Beethoven nevertheless embraced music and studied for a short time in 1792 with Franz Joseph Haydn in Vienna. Hailed as a genius and a master of improvisation at the piano, Beethoven soon made a name for himself, and by 1794 was known throughout Europe. He faithfully learned the Classical Viennese styles and traditions in music, and then proceeded throughout his career to completely revolutionize them. His earliest compositions reflect the classical restraint of Haydn and Mozart, yet there were always flashes of what was to come. The emotion he displayed while playing his own music was unheard of in his day, and the fiery intensity of his early Piano Sonata in C minor, known as the "Pathetique" is one of the first works in which Beethoven g ives vent to his own dramatic musical voice. By 1800, Beethoven had become aware of his advancing deafness -- surely a most horrible fate for a musician and unendurable to a composer. Agonizing over his fate, Beethoven contemplated suicide, but in the end embraced life, determined to go on composing, if no longer performing. Unhappy with his compositions up to that time and stating that he would now be "making a fresh start," Beethoven began composing music such as had never before been heard. His Symphony no. 3 in E-flat major, subtitle the "Eroica", was completed in 1804, and was almost twice as long as any symphony written up to that time. Taking the classical symphony as a starting point, it introduces more themes, more contrasts, more instruments, more weight and more drama than previously heard in the symphonic form. His sixteen string quartets span his creative life and developed from the classical restraint of the six "Early" quartets to the sublime late quartets which contain music of such personal pain and suffering, that one wonders if an audience was intended to hear them at all. The power of Beethoven's voice can be heard in the String Quartet no. 11 in F minor. Beethoven's musical ideas, the "themes" he used and from which he painstakingly constructed his works, were revolutionary for his day. The well-known opening motto theme of the famous Symphony no.

Birmingham, Alabama Demonstrations of 1963 :: Civil Rights Movement

The topic we researched was the demonstrations that occurred in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. These demonstrations stemmed from rising racial tensions in the area. African American people cried out for equality and when their cries were not answered they took the next step and participated in numerous demonstrations in 1963. The topics concerning the demonstrations and events that occurred in Birmingham that were most commonly written about in 1963 are lunch counter demonstrations, marches, a boycott of four variety store chains, church bombings, and the arrest of Martin Luther King, Jr. Most of these events revolved around Martin Luther King, Jr. making him appear to be the central figure in Alabama and in the south at that time. -Lunch Counter Demonstrations: These demonstrations occurred when groups of African Americans would go to a lunch counter and stay there until they received service or the lunch counter closed down (â€Å"The South† 30). These demonstrations were not widely discussed among many newspapers or magazines except for Time Magazine. -Marches: Marches were a larger scale demonstration. Very large groups of African Americans would assemble and march together to a certain destination. A good example of a march is when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. led a march on downtown stores in Birmingham to protest segregation. Even though the march was peaceful Martin Luther King, Jr. was still arrested for participating in the march (Hailey 70). Not only is this discussed in The New York Times but it is also discussed in The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture. The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture states that during his time in prison he also wrote a very influential letter that stated his feelings and concerns on the current state of America (Colaiaco 10). - Boycott of four variety store chains: Martin Luther King, Jr. planned and held a nation wide of four variety store chains. The boycott originated in Birmingham and the chains that were selected all had stores in Birmingham that segregated against Blacks. These stores depended on the revenue generated by black customers, so the boycotts damaged their business (â€Å"Four Chains Target of Racial Boycott† 20). - Church Bombings: In Birmingham, in 1963, there were numerous bombings within the area. There were over twenty bombings devastating the Birmingham area.

Effects of Recession Times in Entertainment Production Essay

It is unlikely that the entertainment industry can escape the effects of the present global economic situation. Different areas of the media entertainment experience effect of recession in different gravity . Some areas of the business stay strong but according to statistic study, the film production has sent 75% to 80% of the production crews into unemployment in Los Angeles alone. (Gumbel, 2009) This economic effect in the biggest entertainment production in the United States caused many media entertainment companies to be hesitant in spending more for their productions. With the wide range of the entertainment business, there are areas of the industry that show weaknesses on the present economic recession. According to Alan Gould, advertising is in a difficult situation because of the adjustment it has to undergo. This transition requires applying traditional advertising media to allow the allocation of money until the economy will be in a better situation. (Ibarra, 2008) On the other hand, unanimous agreement on wise decision and reinvention of entertainment production is a way for this business to succeed. On the other hand, many people involved in the entertainment industries still hope that the entertainment will survive the economic turmoil. It has also been viewed that practical measures must be taken so the business will be spared from the major economic downfall due to the recession. According to Matt Cherniss (2009), â€Å"In past seasons, it was very easy to get caught up in the mania of pilot season. Now, in this environment, you have to be very discerning with not just who you cast or where you decide to shoot but which pilots you make, too. † (Michael Schneider, 2009) Moreover, the technological development provides an advantage for the production of video, music, and television entertainment. Since this industry is based on the vast public patronage, the entertainment industry is still persisted by many to survive. Ms. Thomas, like the other panelists, remains optimistic about TV and filmed content, believing the industry will â€Å"flourish† even after some setbacks. â€Å"The human condition embraces being entertained,† she said. (Ibarra, 2008) CONCLUSION With the on set of the economic recession, most people consider saving than spending money. This provides an obstacle for the industry of entertainment to allocate and gain money on their productions. However, creativity of the media production is an advantage to bring the decreasing income of the entertainment business into a huge money-making business again. The recession is a wake-up call for those in the entertainment production business. Generally, the media production will survive recession. REFERENCES: Ibarra, Sergio. (November 20, 2008). Media Still Recession Resistant, Panel Says. TV Week. Retrieved May 3, 2009, from Gumbel, Andrew. (April 27, 2009). Hollywood feels the pinch: Film production at standstill. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from Schneider, Michael. (February 23, 2009). Economy pinches TV pilots. Variety. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from

Short Biography William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon on April 26, 1564, to a farmer named John Shakespeare. No one knows the exact date he was born, but church records show that he was baptized on April 26. Shakespeare had seven brothers and sisters. Everyone assumes he attended the grammar school in Stratford. Shakespeare didn't attend a university but at the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway. Six months after their marriage they had their first daughter, Susanna, and in 1585 they had twins, Hamnet and Judith. He is considered the world's greatest dramatist. He wrote 38 plays and 154 sonnets. William Shakespeare was an actor, a playwright, and a poet. William Shakespeare first started his career in the theatre. During the year 1594 Shakespeare career took a turning point, he joined The Lord Chamberlain's Company (formerly known as ‘Lord Strange's Men'). The Lord Chamberlain's Company was a theatrical company that Shakespeare was with for most of his professional career. He was known to play many roles, it's also assumed that he played small roles in his own plays, including Hamlet (as Hamlet father). His first biographer, Nicholas Rowe, referred to him as â€Å"the ghost of his own Hamlet†. Even Though William Shakespeare reputation is based on his plays, he actually got famous first as a poet. His first publication was Venus and Adonis in 1593. It was dedicated to 18 years old Henry Wriothesley, the third Earl of Southampton. The dedication received patronage, after receiving it Shakespeare dedicated his next dramatic poem, Lucrece, to the young lord as well.Today Shakespeare is known as the greatest playwright. By 1596 Shakespeare was very successful as a playwright. At this time Shakespeare was already a well-established actor with a great reputation. His plays were attracting a lot of interest, he had theaters fullback in the 16th century. It's impossible to know the exact date that Shakespeare started writing Hamlet, but he finished it in 1601. Hamlet is the most widely performed play, its estimated that it's being performed every minute of every day somewhere around the world. Its Shakespeare's longest play at 4,042 lines, its said that the character Hamlet has about 1530 lines, which is the most of any character that Shakespeare made. Hamlet is considered a tragedy/revenge tragedy. It was written in London, England and first published in 1603 in a pirated quarto edition titled The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet and then it was published again in 1604 in a superior quarto edition. In the play, Hamlet feels a responsibility to avenge his father's murder. Claudius, who is Hamlet uncle, is the main suspect for Hamlet's father murder but since Claudius became the king after marrying Hamlet's mother, Claudius is very protected. Making it very difficult for Hamlet to find the truth about his father murder. After becoming depressed and summoned home to attend his father's funeral, he is shocked to hear that his mother Gertrude is already remarried. Hamlet's father then comes to him as a ghost and tells him he wants him to avenge his death. The Ghost triangular relationship between Hamlet, Gertrude and Claudius is very much strong and makes the whole play.As we know the Ghost has come to Hamlet as â€Å"Hamlet's father†. In the starting of the play when Hamlet is introduce to this ghost he is very wary and doesn't trust anything he says. â€Å"GHOST: My hour is almost come. When I to sulfurous and tormenting flames. Must render up myself. HAMLET: Alas, poor ghost! GHOST: Pity me not, but lend thy serious hearing. To what I shall unfold. HAMLET: Speak. I am bound to hear. GHOST: So art thou to revenge when thou shalt hear. HAMLET: What? GHOST: I am thy father's spirit† (Act 1 Scene 5). Some literary critics would say Hamlet relationship with this ghost is just a pigment of his imagination but regardless young Hamlet just lost a person who meant a great amount to him. His mother Gertrude, keeps telling him to move on, â€Å"GERTRUDE: Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted color off, And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark. Do not forever with thy vailà ¨d lids. Seek for thy noble father in the dust. Thou know'st 'tis common. All that lives must die, Passing through nature to eternity. HAMLET: Ay, madam, it is common. GERTRUDE: If it be, Why seems it so particular with thee? HAMLET: â€Å"Seems,† madam? Nay, it is. I know not â€Å"seems.† ‘Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, Nor customary suits of solemn black, Nor windy suspiration of forced breath, No, nor the fruitful river in the eye, Nor the dejected ‘havior of the visage, Together with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, That can denote me truly. These indeed â€Å"seem,† For they are actions that a man might play. But I have that within which passeth show, These but the trappings and the suits of woe.† (Act 1 Scene 1). This is a conversation Hamlet and his mother had before he met the ghost, he didn't want his mother to just tell him to stop moping about the death of his father. In fact, as the play goes along he asks his mother why isn't she moping around. In the play, Hamlet mentions, several times on different occasions that his mother committed a sin by marrying his uncle. He has a very deep angry towards his mother for doing it and he mentioned to her that he didn't want her to be his mother. Hamlet angry towards his mother wasn't created by the ghost, the ghost tells Hamlet to respect his mother at some point of the play but it doesn't stop the ghost from igniting Hamlets angry. The ghost, or better known as Hamlet father, also mentions Gertrude sins. â€Å"GHOST: Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast, With witchcraft of his wit, with traitorous gifts—O wicked wit and gifts, that have the power. So to seduce!—won to his shameful lust. The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen. O Hamlet, what a falling off was there! From me, whose love was of that dignity. That it went hand in hand even with the vow I made to her in marriage, and to decline Upon a wretch whose natural gifts were poor To those of mine. But virtue, as it never will be moved, Though lewdness court it in a shape of heaven,So lust, though to a radiant angel linked, Will sate itself in a celestial bed And prey on garbage.† ( Act 1 Scene 5). Hamlet's relationship with the ghost was created by the angry he felt towards Gertrude and Claudius, before the ghost mentioned ‘murder' Hamlet knew something was up not only about his mother marrying her dead husband's brother but also the fact that Claudius took the crown from him.The ghost didn't really have a relationship with Gertrude and Claudius. In fact, the only people who seem to see or conversate with the ghost is Hamlet. The ghost relationship with Gertrude is merely just the betray Hamlet father feels towards her. The ghost doesn't ask Hamlet to avenge his mother, the ghost actually tells hamlet to let God deal with her. â€Å"GHOST: Let not the royal bed of Denmark be A couch for luxury and damnà ¨d incest. But howsoever thou pursuest this act, Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive Against thy mother aught. Leave her to heaven And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge To prick and sting her. † Hamlet's father wasn't really focused on his wife. His angry was more for his brother, the one that seduced his wife, poisoned him and took his crown. Claudius gained Gertrude trust, where she would go to him about a problem rather than anybody else, for example when Hamlet kills Polonius, Gertrude confided in Claudius. She is also always defending him, some would say she loved Claudius more than she loved her own son. In act 3 scene 3, Shakespeare introduced a play within Hamlet, Claudius who was on the sidelines watching the play begun to feel remorse for killing his brother. This gave Hamlet confirmation that the ghost was telling the truth about his murder, and also the opportunity to kill Claudius. â€Å"CLAUDIUS: Thanks, dear my lord. Oh, my offense is rank. It smells to heaven. It hath the primal eldest curse upon ‘t, A brother's murder. Pray, can I not. Though inclination be as sharp as will, My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent, And, like a man to double business bound, I stand in pause where I shall first begin, And both neglect. What if this cursà ¨d hand. Were thicker than itself with brother's blood? Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens, To wash it white as snow? Whereto serves mercy But to confront the visage of offence? And what's in prayer but this twofold force, To be forestallà ¨d ere we come to fall Or pardoned being down? Then I'll look up. My fault is past. But oh, what form of prayer Can serve my turn, â€Å"Forgive me my foul murder†? (Act 3 Scene 3). This scene made Hamlet's anger towards Claudius grow and his relationship with the ghost strong. Claudius has no clue that Hamlet knows about his sins, and although Claudius can't physically see the ghost, as he's praying he can somehow feel the ghost presences. The ghost somehow creates the main conflicts within the play without really being in the play. In conclusion, Shakespeare, the greatest playwright of all time, has left us with many mysteries in Hamlet. But one thing that we all know is that, if there wasn't a ghost the play would have no meaning. The ghost came back to the kingdom to ask Hamlet to avenge his murder, and because of this, it creates the main points of the play. In some opinion, Hamlet's madness was caused by the ghost. Some think Hamlet's madness was caused by the betrayal he felt towards his mother and uncle. Shakespeare has given us a play that leaves us wondering and looking for answers.